Fig. 3

Assessment of MMP and cardiolipin levels in LN-18 cells. A Flow cytometric analysis of MMP level using TMRE staining. B Flow cytometric analysis of cardiolipin level using NAO staining. Cells were treated respectively with IC50 values of curcuminoid analogues (FLDP-5 and FLDP-8) and curcumin at different time-points ranging from 30 min to 6-h. Both assays used HQ treatment at 12.5 µM for 6-h as a positive control (POS). Each data point was obtained from three independent experimental replicates and expressed as mean ± SEM of TMRE- or NAO-negative cells (%). * p < 0.05 against negative control, NEG (untreated cell)