Fig. 4

Cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial morphology dynamics in GMU6, GMSiP, and GMRSiP. Bioenergetics parameters of OXPHOS were determined using extracellular flux analysis (A-E). (A) OCR measurement was done for 50,000 cells from each well under basal conditions, followed by sequential addition of oligomycin (1 µM), FCCP (1 µM), and rotenone (1 µM). The OXPHOS parameters having significant changes were plotted as basal respiration (B), maximal respiration (C), spare respiratory capacity (D), and ATP production (E). The data is shown here as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. Cells were stained with 100 nM MitoTracker Green ^FM, and live cell imaging was done using LSM 510 META Zeiss microscope (F-H). (F) Illustration showing the different types of mitochondrial morphology (tubular, intermediate & fragmented) observed and scored in this study. (G) Representative images of mitochondria for GMU6, GMSiP, and GMRSiP are shown here. The scale bar is 10 µM. (H) Tubular, intermediate, and fragmented mitochondria were counted for each cell type and plotted here as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The significance values were denoted as ‘*’ (0.01 < p ≤ 0.05). (I) Illustration depicting the proposed model of the cytoprotective role of PARP-1 during oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts