Table 1 Cancer risk factors

Endogenous factors

 1. Increased life expectancy

 2. Genetic (heritable) factors

 3. Chronic infection

 4. Immunological status

 5. Sex

 6. Hormones

 7. Mutation and repair errors

 8. Immunosuppression after organ transplantation

Exogenous (environmental or lifestyle) factors

 1. Infectious diseases

 2. Diet and nutrition

 3. Alcohol consumption

 4. Smoking

 5. Radiation and UV radiation (sun exposure)

 6. Occupational or home exposure

 7. Circadian rhythm

 8. Industrial pollutants

 9. Less physical activity

 10. Intestinal microbiota

 11. Obesity and diabetes

 12. Socioeconomic status

 13. Mental and psychological stress

 14. Residential environment