Fig. 3

Summary of the formation of CPL using different concentrations of HDE: a high HDE concentration (Method B), b low HDE concentration (Method C), and (c) low HDE concentration without additives (Method D). d Time course of CPL formation using Method D, with data points for pH 7.4 (●), pH 3.5 (〇), no data (NO), and not detected (nd). The blue bar denotes the peak area. The orange bar indicates the formation rate [peak area / initial HDE concentration (mM)]